Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis: A Head Scratcher 412 57. CR Harding, et al, Dandruff: a condition characterized by decreased levels of intercellular lipids in scalp stratum corneum and impaired barrier function, Archives of Dermatological Research (2002). 58. K Kerr, et al, Scalp stratum corneum histamine levels: Novel sampling method reveals association with itch resolution in dandruff/seborrhoeic dermatitis treatment, Acta Derm Venereol. 91, 404-408, doi:10.2340/00015555-1073 (2011). 59. Z Draelos, Shampoo, hair, and technology: Part two, Cosmetic Dermatology 16, 71-76 (2003). 60. Dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis drug products for over-the-counter human use, Federal Register 47, 54664-54666 (1982). 61. C Pierard Franchimont, V Goffin, J Decroix, GE Pierard, A multicenter randomized trial of ketoconazole 2% and zinc pyrithione 1% shampoos in severe dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis, Skin Pharmacolgy and Applied Skin Physiology 15, 434-441 (2002). 62. RA Squire, K Goode, A randomized, single-blind, single-center clinical trial to evaluate comparative clinical efficacy of shampoos containing ciclopirox olamine (1.5%) and salicylic acid (3%), or ketoconazole (2%, Nizoral) for the treatment of dandruff/ seborrhoeic dermatitis, J Dermatolog Treat 13, 51-60 (2002). 63. Cardin, et al, The antidandruff efficacy of Head and Shoulders rinse-in shampoo (1% zinc pyrithione) and Head and Shoulders shampoo (1% zinc pyrithione) with Head and Shoulders conditioning rinse (0.3% zinc pyrithione) versus Merit shampoo with Merit Moisture Rinse, Nishininon J Dermatol 52, 1208-1216 (1990). 64. Dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis drug products for over-the-counter human use: Final monograph, Federal Register 56, 63554-63569 (1991). 65. P Nenoff,UF Haustein, A Fiedler, The antifungal activity of a coal tar gel on Malassezia furfur in vitro, Dermatology 191, 311-314 (1995). 66. J Van Cutsem, F Van Gerven,J Fransen, P Schrooten, PA Janssen, The in vitro antifungal activity of ketoconazole, zinc pyrithione, and selenium sulfide against Pityrosporum and their efficacy as a shampoo in the treatment of experimental pityrosporosis in guinea pigs, J Am Acad Dermatol 22, 993-998 (1990). 67. P Nenoff, UF Haustein, Effect of anti-seborrhea substances against Pityrosporum ovale in vitro, Hautarzt 45, 464-467 (1994). 68. A Schmidt, B Ruhl Horster, In vitro susceptibility of Malassezia furfur against azole compounds. Mycoses 39, 309-312 (1996). 69. MD Richardson, GS Shankland, Enhanced phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Pityrosporum ovale by human neutrophils after exposure to ketoconazole is correlated to changes of the yeast cell surface, Mycoses 34, 29-33 (1991). 70. W Billheimer, et al, Resutls of clinical trial comaring 1% pyrithione zinc and 2% ketoconazole shampoos, Cosmetic Dermatology 9, 34-39 (1996). 71. J Faergemann, M Borgers, The effect of ketoconazole and itraconazole on the filamentous form of Pityrosporum ovale, Acta Derm Venereol 70, 172-176 (1990). 72. H Nakagawa, et al, Tacrolimus has antifungal activities against Malassezia furfur isolated from healthy adults and patients with atopic dermatitis, Clin Drug Invest 12, 245-250 (1996). 73. J Faergemann, in Cosmeceuticals: Drugs vs. Cosmetics, HI Maibach and P Elsner, eds., pp 197-202, Marcel Dekker, Inc. (2000). 74. R Caputo, M Barbareschi, Itraconazole: new horizons, G Ital Dermatol Venereol 137, 1-7 (2002). 75. E Shaw, J Bernstein, K Losee, WA Lott, Analogs of aspergillic acid. IV substituted 2-bromopyridine-n-oxides and their conversion to cyclic thiohydroxamic acids, J American Chemical Society 72, 4362-4364, doi:10.1021/ja01166a008 (1950). 76. F Snyder, Development of a therapeutic shampoo, Cutis 1, 835-838 (1969).