Hair Ethnicity 220 ethnicity, but until then the differences in both curl and ethnicity in hair must be considered. References 1. J Menkart, LJ Wolfram, I Mao, Caucasian hair, Negro hair and wool: similarities and differences, J Soc Cosmet Chem, 17 769-87 (1996). 2. S Dekio, J Jidol, Hair low-sulphur protein composition does not differ electrophoretically among different races, J Dermatol, 15 393-6 (1988) 3. L Wolfram, E Dika, H Maibach, Ethnic Hair and Skin, Informa Healthcare, New York, 55-77, (2007). 4. A Franbourg, P Hallegot, F Batlenneck, C Toutain, F Leroy, Current research on ethnic hair, J Am Acad Dermatol, 48 S115-9 (2003). 5. A Syed, A Kuhajda, H Ayoub, K Ahmad, EM Frank, African American hair: its physical properties and differences relative to Caucasian hair, Cosmet Toil 110 39-48 (1995). 6. NG Jabblonski, Skin: A Natural History, pp 21-55, University of California Press, Berkley, CA (2006). 7. OF Chernova, Evolutionary aspects of hair polymorphism, Biology Bulletin 33 43-52 (2006). 8. A Fujimoto, R Kimura, J Ohashi, K Omi, R Yuliwulandari, L Btubara, MS Mustofa, U Samakkarn, WS Ishida, T Ishida, Y Morishita, T Furusawa, M Nakazawa, R Ohtsuka, K Tokunaga, A scan for genetic determinants of human hair morphology: edar is associated with Asian hair thickness, Human Molecular Genetics, 17 (6) 835-843 (2008). 9. A Fujimoto, N Nishida, R Kimura, T Miyagawa, R Yuliwulandari, L Btubara, MS Mustofa, U Samakkarn, WS Ishida, T Ishida, Y Morishita, T Tsunoda, K Tokunaga, J Ohashi, FGFR2 is associated with hair thickness in Asian populations, J Human Genetics, 54 461-465 (2009). 10. S Medland, G Zhu, N Martin, Estimating the heritability of hair curliness in twins of European ancestry, Twin Research and Human Genetics, 12(5) 514-518 (2009). 11. S Medland, DR Nyholt, JN Painter, BP McEvoy, AF McRae, G Zhu, SD Gordon, MAR Ferreira, MJ Wright, AK Henders, MJ Campbell, DL Duffy, NK Hansell, S Macgregor, WS Slutske, AH Heath, GW Montgomery, N Martin, Common variants in trichohyalin gene are associated with straight hair in Europeans, Am J Human Genetics 85 750-755 (2009). 12. B Lindelof, B Forslind, MA Hedblad, U Kaveus, Human hair form: Morpholody revealed by light and scanning electron microscopy and computer aided three-dimensional reconstruction, Arch Dermatol 124 1359-1363 (1988). 13. S Thibaut, O Gaillard, P Bouhanna, DW Cannell, BA Bernard, Human hair shape is programmed from the bulb, Brit J Derm 152 632-638 (2005). 14. S Thibaut, C Collin, L Langbein, J Schweizer, J Gautier, O Gaillard, BA Bernard, Hair keratin pattern in human hair follicles grown in vitro, Exp Dermatol 12 1-5 (2003). 15. JA Swift, Ethnic Hair and Skin, pp 79-92, Informa Healthcare, New York (2007). 16. WA Munro, GA Carnaby, Wool-fiber crimp, Part 1: The effect of macrofibrillar geometry, J Text Inst 90 123-136 (1999). 17. G Loussouarn, Ethnic Hair and Skin, pp 245-262, Informa Healthcare, New York (2007). 18. G Loussouarn, AL Garcel, I Lozano, C Collaudin, C Porter, S Panhard, D Saint-Leger, R de La Mettrie, Worldwide diversity of hair curliness: a new method of assessment, Int J Derm 46 (s1) 2-6 (2007). 19. S Hayashi, T Okumura, A Ishida, Preliminary study on racial differences in scalp hair, Biology and Disease of the Hair, pp 555-561, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo (1976).